How to treat jade. Nephritis

The kidney is a very important organ, which, through the means of education and excretion of urine, supports chemical homeostasis, removes toxic substances and excess fluid from the human body. Any violation in the functioning of the kidneys carries a great danger to health, so almost all diseases of this organ are considered serious. Jade is no exception.

At all nephritis is a generic name for a large group of kidney diseases, each of which has its own causes, development mechanisms, and symptoms. The only common feature for all of them is the presence of an inflammatory process in one of the structural parts of the kidney.

Jade Classification

Depending on which part of the kidneys is affected, the following types of nephritis are distinguished:

in which glomeruli are affected (glomeruli).
- inflammation of the pyelocaliceal system of the kidneys.
Tubulointerstitial or interstitial nephritisin which the tubules of the kidneys and the surrounding tissue, the interstitium, are involved in the pathological process.

By the extent of the lesion, nephritis is focal and diffuse, by the nature of the course - acute and chronic.

In addition, there are several types of nephritis: the so-called lupus nephritis (a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus) and hereditary nephritis of the kidneys, which are affected mainly by men, and the disease manifests itself in childhood (the development of pathology is associated with mutations in the genes of some proteins).

Let us consider in more detail the causes of tubulointerstitial nephritis, and we recommend reading about pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis here.

The development of acute interstitial nephritis can be caused by various factors, but among them, the main role is played by medication:

This list can be continued for a long time. Many medications can be potentially dangerous, and the likelihood of developing jade depends not so much on their dose as on the individual sensitivity of the person. Therefore, it is very difficult to predict what the reaction of the kidneys to this or that medicine will be, especially since jade often develops only after repeated administration of the drug.

Significantly increase the risk of drug nephritis of liver, kidney, immune disorders, old age, stagnation in the body (for example, with heart failure).

In addition, nephritis can develop due to intoxication with ethanol (alcohol), poisoning with ethylene glycol (this substance is part of antifreeze, solvents, brake fluid) and other chemical compounds to which the body of a particular person will be sensitive.

Possible causes of nephritis include radiation exposure and infectious diseases (especially diphtheria, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, etc.).

When the cause of the disease cannot be identified by the doctors, they diagnose acute idiopathic tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Chronic nephritis has slightly different mechanisms and development factors. In most cases, the chronic form of the disease is the result of untreated acute nephritis. Less commonly, a disease develops on its own, for example, with prolonged abuse of drugs, especially analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are sold over-the-counter and are often used by people without a doctor’s prescription. In addition, chronic nephritis can occur against a background of cancer.

The development of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis is dominated by immune mechanisms. Toxic substances or other pathogenic agents interact with the protein structures of the renal tubules, which is why the immune system perceives them as foreign antigens and begins to secrete antibodies. As a result of these processes, an inflammatory reaction develops, which leads to interstitial edema, narrowing of the tubules, increased pressure in them, impaired blood flow in the kidneys, and decreased glomerular filtration. As a result, the kidneys cease to fully perform their primary function (filter blood).

Chronic nephritis in the absence of the acute phase of the disease develops not because the immune system damages the kidneys, but more because of metabolic disorders and toxic effects of chemicals on the kidneys.

Acute interstitial nephritis usually occurs suddenly. The following symptoms appear in patients:

In chronic nephritis, the symptoms described increase gradually.

Examination of patients with symptoms of nephritis usually includes:

Mandatory laboratory tests: general and biochemical blood tests, all kinds of urine tests (including Zimnitsky, Nechiporenko), bacteriological culture of urine, blood test for electrolytes.
Mandatory instrumental research: Renal ultrasound with dopplerometry, blood pressure monitoring, ECG, ultrasound of internal organs.
Additional diagnostic tests: biochemical analysis of urine, immunological studies, radioisotope examination of the kidneys, determination of excretion (excretion) of electrolytes and uric acid.

In severe cases, when doctors are unable to diagnose nephritis and determine its cause based on the results of a routine examination, a kidney biopsy is performed. This method makes it possible to establish a diagnosis with great accuracy.

In addition, in order to identify hidden foci of infection in the body (possible sources of pathogenic microorganisms that cause inflammation of the kidneys), examination of patients may require consultations of doctors of various specialties (infectious disease specialist, otolaryngologist, dentist, gynecologist, etc.). Direct treatment of patients with nephritis should be handled not only by nephrologists or urologists, but also by immunologists, since the main mechanism for the development of the disease, as mentioned above, is the immune one.

carried out in a specialized hospital. Patients are shown bed rest, which can be expanded only after a decrease in the activity of the pathological process (confirmed by the results of the tests and the patient’s well-being), and diet (diet No. 7, 7a and 7b). The main thing in this diet is the restriction of salt, spicy and seasoned foods, and with significant impairment of kidney function, protein.

Medication for jade includes several important areas:

With the timely start of treatment, the patient with nephritis can fully recover (without any residual effects). If anti-inflammatory and detoxification therapy is not carried out, the development of acute renal failure is a deadly complication. In addition, in the case of improper treatment, non-compliance with the doctor's recommendations, the acute process gradually becomes chronic, which is fraught with the emergence of subsequent chronic renal failure. That is, a person becomes disabled.

All patients who have had interstitial nephritis need kidney monitoring. Control consists in a regular visit to the nephrologist (twice a year), taking urine and blood tests. The duration of such an examination is 5 years.

Prevention

The main measure for preventing interstitial nephritis is the careful handling of medications. You can’t take drugs without a doctor’s prescription, you can’t experiment with dietary supplements, you can’t increase the doses of medicines prescribed by your doctor, you can’t take painkillers every time you have pain, you can’t drink herbal preparations of unknown origin (for example, slimming teas), etc. If, due to a state of health (the presence of a pain syndrome), you have to constantly take analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, you must always consult a doctor, find the cause of the pain and eliminate it, and not "smooth out" the symptoms.

Zubkova Olga Sergeevna, medical observer, epidemiologist

Jade is a whole group of diseases characterized by inflammatory changes in the tissues of the kidneys. Depending on the causes and mechanisms of the formation of the pathology, its clinical manifestations and approaches to therapy can be very diverse. Why acute nephritis develops, what typical symptoms it has, how it is diagnosed and treated: we will consider in more detail in our review.

Jade Classification

The kidneys are an important organ of the human body, responsible not only for the formation and excretion of urine, but also for maintaining chemical, electrolyte and osmotic homeostasis - the constancy of the internal environment. The structure of the kidneys is complex and includes several anatomical and physiological formations:

Nephron is the main functioning kidney apparatus, which consists of the renal corpuscle, glomerulus (glomeruli) and capsule. It is a network of convoluted vessels in which filtration and reabsorption processes occur, i.e. primary urine is formed.
Interstitium is the tissue surrounding the nephrons.
The pyelocaliceal system is the system responsible for collecting and further removing urine.

The defeat of any of these structures leads to serious consequences and gross violations of the organ. Depending on the level at which the pathological process develops, three forms of inflammation of the kidneys are distinguished:

glomerulonephritis - glomerular lesions;
pyelonephritis - inflammation of the pyelocaliceal apparatus;
tubulointerstitial nephritis is an inflammatory disease of the tubules of the kidneys and interstitial tissue.

Causes and Risk Factors

Kidney jade can have several main causes:

Infectious agent - the action of viruses or bacteria in:
1. strep throat caused by streptococcus;
2. scarlet fever;
3. infectious endocarditis;
4. sepsis
5. pneumonia;
6. meningococcal infection;
7. type B viral hepatitis;
8. infectious mononucleosis and others.
Autoimmune disease characterized by aggression of immunity against the body's own cells:
1. SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus;
2. vasculitis;
3. shenlein-Genoch disease.
Body Poisoning:
1. alcohol
2. organic solvents;
3. lead
4. mercury;
5. medicines - antibiotics, sulfonamides, anti-TB drugs, NSAIDs (Indomethacin), analgesics, immunosuppressants.
Exposure to radioactive radiation (the so-called radiation sickness).
Individual response to vaccination, blood transfusion.

Pathogenesis: what happens with jade

Jade is a kidney disease with a complex developmental mechanism. Most experts associate the development of the disease with the formation of autoantibodies to organ tissues and the development of an allergic neurohumoral reaction.

If pyelonephritis is associated with an ascending or hematogenous spread of the infectious agent and direct damage to the mucosa, then glomerular and tubulointerstitial nephritis develops somewhat more complicated. With these forms of the disease, the action of viruses and bacteria does not lead to direct infection of the kidney tissue - the pathogen is not detected there. As a rule, a lesion of the urinary system develops 2-3 weeks after the onset of symptoms of a sore throat, scarlet fever or other infection, and is caused by pathological activity of the body's own defenses.

Why in some people angina ends in complete recovery, while in others it provokes the development of acute nephritis - a question that has not been fully studied. There is probably a hereditary predisposition to auto-aggression in relation to the body’s own tissues.

Kidney damage always begins with a vascular reaction - the development of capillaritis. The blood supply to the kidneys is disturbed, and the inflammatory process in the organ causes not only a violation of the processes of formation and excretion of urine, but also general reactions:

increase in blood pressure;
azotemia;
increase in blood cholesterol concentration (sometimes).

Clinical manifestations of the disease

Depending on the level at which the kidneys are affected, the symptoms of acute nephritis can be different.

Acute glomerulonephritis is manifested:

oligouria (a decrease in daily urine output to 500 ml) or anuria (complete absence of urination) at the initial stage of the disease;
massive excretion of blood with urine, which acquires a dirty, dark brown shade (in medicine, this symptom is called “urine the color of meat slops”);
edema, first localized on the eyelids, face and upper body (most noticeable in the morning, after sleep), and then spreading throughout the body;
persistent increase in blood pressure (mainly due to diastolic, "lower");
headache, tinnitus;
back pain - not always.

Acute pyelonephritis occurs with a vivid clinical picture and severe symptoms of intoxication:

fever;
weakness, drowsiness;
headache, dizziness;
aching, pulling pains in the lumbar region;
pain, burning during urination (especially if kidney damage is combined with inflammation of the bladder);
frequent urination;
the excretion of a large number of bacteria and elements of inflammation in the urine (leukocytes, cylinders, sometimes red blood cells).

Interstitial nephritis is less common, and the symptoms of this pathology are as follows:

weakness, fatigue;
decreased appetite;
polyuria - an increase in the volume of excreted urine;
dull pain, discomfort in the lumbar region;
allergic rashes, hemorrhages in the skin;
fever (rarely);
thirst, dry mouth.

Ignoring these signs and the lack of timely treatment leads to severe violations of homeostasis and the appearance of a serious threat to the health and even life of the patient. Among the common complications of nephritis are:

edematous syndrome;
acute renal failure - the death of the functional apparatus of the kidneys with a violation of all the functions of the body;
uremia - autointoxication of the body with metabolic products;
hydrothorax, hydropericardium - a pathological accumulation of fluid in the body cavities.

Modern diagnostic methods

The diagnosis of acute nephritis is made on the basis of a comprehensive clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination. At the first stage of the diagnosis, the doctor takes into account the patient’s complaints and medical history, paying particular attention to possible causes of the disease - previous infection, medication, occupational hazards, concomitant diseases.

Clinical diagnosis of the disease includes examination of the lumbar region, palpation of the kidneys and verification of renal symptoms - striking (soreness with a light tapping of the lumbar region with a fist), Pasternatsky (sharp back pain with a sharp transfer of weight from socks to the heel). The standard plan for examining patients with suspected nephritis includes:

general clinical blood and urine tests;
urine analysis according to Nechiporenko;
urine analysis according to Zimnitsky;
ultrasound examination of the kidneys;
R-graphy (urography) of the kidneys with contrast;
CT, MRI;
fine needle biopsy with puncture and subsequent morphological examination of renal tissue.

Treatment principles

After making a diagnosis and determining the type of jade, the attending physician (urologist, nephrologist or therapist) selects a treatment plan that includes recommendations for correcting lifestyle and nutrition, taking medications. The acute course of the disease is an indication for hospitalization of the patient.

Lifestyle and Nutrition Correction

In the early days of any form of nephritis, treatment consists in observing bed rest, which can be expanded only after the patient's condition and positive dynamics in laboratory tests have improved. Clinical nutrition consists in following the “kidney diet” (table No. 7, 7a, 7b according to Pevzner). The basic principles of the diet:

Nutrition should be varied, balanced and high-calorie (approximately 3500 kcal / day).
Food is taken in small portions, 4-6 times a day.
To avoid the formation of edema, the fluid is limited to 1-1.25 liters per day.
For the same reason, the salt content in food is reduced to 2-3 grams / day. With high blood pressure, it is better not to salt the dishes at all.
Since protein food is difficult to process, and its metabolic products can “burden” the kidneys with unnecessary work, the content of this nutrient in the daily diet is reduced to 0.8-1 g / day.

From the diet should be excluded:

rich meat, chicken, fish broths;
fatty meat, lard, offal, fish;
smoked meats, sausages, sausages, canned food (stew, sprats, pastes);
salted and smoked fish;
fatty dairy products, cheese;
legumes;
chocolate;
pickled, pickled vegetables;
spinach, rhubarb;
grapes;
chips, crackers, fast food;
horseradish, mustard, sauces;
strong tea, coffee;
high sodium mineral water.

Allowed products include lean meat and poultry (no skin), low-fat fish, eggs, and cereals. Almost all vegetables and fruits are useful, with the exception of those that cause fermentation processes in the intestines. It is better to drink ordinary water, weak tea, coffee, dried fruit compotes, rosehip broth.

Drug therapy

It is necessary to treat acute nephritis with medicines based on the causes, development mechanisms, and clinical manifestations of the disease.

With glomerulonephritis are prescribed:

antihypertensive drugs (ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers) to normalize blood pressure;
diuretics to eliminate hypertension and edema;
antibiotics to treat foci of infection;
desensitizing therapy to combat allergy symptoms;
detoxification measures and symptomatic treatment.

The average course of treatment is 4-8 weeks. With the ineffectiveness of therapy, in order to suppress inflammation, they resort to the appointment of steroids (Prednisolone, Dexamethasone). After stabilization, patients are shown sanatorium-resort treatment. All patients who underwent acute glomerulonephritis are under observation for 1-4 years.

With pyelonephritis, the symptoms and treatment of the disease will be different. The standard treatment regimen includes the use of:

antibiotics (nitrofuran, penicillin, cephalosporin series);
uroseptics;
anti-inflammatory, detoxifying agents;
antispasmodics to facilitate the discharge of urine and reduce pain.

The course of taking the medicine lasts 7-17 days. Regular monitoring by a doctor, sanitation of foci of chronic infection, and avoidance of hypothermia will help to avoid the transition of the disease into a chronic form.

Interstitial jade

Therapy of interstitial nephritis is the use of:

desensitizing agents;
glucocorticosteroid anti-inflammatory drugs;
drugs that improve renal blood flow;
symptomatic therapy;
hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis to cleanse the blood of accumulated metabolic products.

Since the main reason for the development of this form of inflammation of the kidneys is the effect of drugs, their administration is immediately stopped when the symptoms of the disease appear. To accelerate the elimination of damaging substances from the body, plasmapheresis and hemosorption are performed.

All patients who underwent acute interstitial nephritis need long-term (5-8 years) follow-up.

Thus, the treatment of acute kidney inflammation is aimed not only at eliminating the symptoms of the disease, but also at preventing the chronicity of the process, as well as the development of complications. Treatment of nephritis with folk remedies (herbs with a diuretic, anti-inflammatory effect) cannot guarantee the patient’s full recovery, therefore it is considered only as an auxiliary method of therapy.

A group of inflammatory kidney diseases with different development mechanisms and causes, each of them has its own symptomatic and pathomorphological features. This type of disease includes common or local processes with proliferation or destruction of tissues.

Varieties and classification of the disease

By etiology, nephritis is differentiated into primary and secondary (developing due to other pathological processes).

With the flow of jade happens subacute, acute, subchronic and chronic:

Acutenephritis - an acute disruption of the interstitial renal tissue, which is formed under the influence of infectious, immune or toxic causes.
Chronic nephritis - chronic renal cell damage associated with metabolic, infectious, toxic, immune factors, tubular dysfunction symptomatically prevail. In the chronic form, both kidneys are usually affected.

The disease is divided into types:

Glomerulonephritis - damage to blood vessels and renal glomeruli themselves.
Shunt jade - the connection of antibody complexes near the glomeruli of the kidneys.
Interstitial (tubulointerstitial) - inflammation of the nephron tubules, it also includes toxic nephritis, caused, as a rule, by chronic intoxication from the outside.
Pyelonephritis (purulent nephritis) - damage to the renal pelvis.
Ray - renal tubules cease to function after external or internal radiation.
Hereditary - Its appearance is associated with genetic congenital pathologies. It is usually formed in children and can cause renal failure.

There are 6 morphological types of lupus nephritis:

lupus nephritis;
focal glomerulonephritis;
sclerosing glomerulosclerosis;
membranous nephropathy;
diffuse glomerulonephritis;
mesangial glomerulonephritis.

Symptoms and signs

Acute nephritis - the disease is often found in children and at a young age, develops on average 12 days after any infectious disease. There is weakness, weakness, aching pain in the lumbar region, slight hyperthermia.

The main symptoms of the disease are severe thirst, increased blood pressure, swelling, dry mouth and changes in urine tests. Edema appears first on the face, mainly on the eyelids, later “descends” on the whole body. The face becomes pasty and pale. Often over a short period of time, edema becomes significant. In this case, in addition to the usual edema, ascites can develop and water accumulates in the cardiac and pleural cavities, which causes shortness of breath in a person even in a calm state.

In acute nephritis, both the kidneys and the cardiovascular system of the body, and mainly the vessels of the kidneys, suffer. That is why hypertension develops. A change in the composition of urine is a mandatory symptom: hematuria, albuminuria and oliguria.

The course of the acute form of the disease is most often favorable. Jade usually ends in recovery within 3 months. Sometimes, a long period of six months or more is marked by residual manifestations in the form of minor hypertension or hematuria. The negative end of the disease is a transition to a chronic course. Such a conclusion can be made if the cure does not occur for more than 9 months and the symptoms of the acute form do not disappear. Moreover, periods of exacerbation occur after an infectious disease, alternate with a lull in which patients experience almost no pain.

Chronic jade lasts a long time. All the time the patient feels fatigue, general weakness, mild headaches, loss of appetite. A slight increase in pressure is noted, in the urine there are a few red blood cells, cylinders and protein.

With each exacerbation, more and more glomeruli of the kidneys die, the kidney “wrinkles” and becomes smaller. If a large volume of renal glomeruli fails, this provokes the formation of renal failure, manifested by a delay in toxins, which, in turn, contribute to uremia - poisoning of the body. The focal form of the disease is manifested only by urinary symptoms, and diffuse hypertension, edema, and other symptoms are characteristic.

There are other manifestations of jade:

Severe intoxication;
dysuria;
hyperthermia;
nausea and vomiting;
chills, heavy sweating;
muscle pain and cramps;
bloating and diarrhea;
yellowness, dryness and peeling of the skin;
cloudy urine with cereal;
paresthesia (feeling of numbness and tingling of the skin);
brittle hair and nails;
restriction of the normal activity of the patient.

In cats and dogs, nephritis develops as a result of the common cold, poisoning, infection (leptospira, streptococcus, salmonellosis, staphylococcus), burns, endogenous and exogenous toxicosis, and insect bites. The animal rises in temperature, it lies all the time, refuses food. Brownish or reddish urine is noted, but the pet may not go to the toilet at all. Puffiness is clearly visible on the ears, abdomen, perineum, eyelids and paws. Possible pain during palpation (palpation), vomiting, severe thirst, shortness of breath. The mucous membrane becomes bluish or yellowish.

Complications

The most common complication of the disease is azotemia with anuria, cerebral apoplexy, acute psychosis, pulmonary edema, chloroprivous uremia. Often there are congestion in the lungs and bronchitis, and sometimes even pulmonary edema is formed. During a period of sharp "decrease" of edema, patients develop psychosis.

In children and adults with non-compliance with diet, bed rest and with a severe course of nephritis, eclampic seizures may occur, on average, this complication occurs in 5-20% of cases. The attack is preceded by hypertension, cerebral edema, and vasospasm. Harbingers of this complication are vomiting and headache. Usually bouts of seizures go well: the patient's health subsequently dramatically improves.

Brief Interesting Data
- The name jade comes from the Greek word nephros "nephros" - a kidney.
- Glomerulonephritis in most cases occurs in the male population from 20 to 40 years old, and women usually suffer from pyelonephritis.
- In nature, there is a stone jade or it is also called a stone of health and well-being. He was named so for his resemblance to a human kidney. In lithotherapy, it is used for radiculitis, diseases of the genitourinary system and thyroid gland, metabolic disorders.

Acute heart failure with nephritis develops at the onset of the disease and manifests itself in cyanosis, shortness of breath, enlarged heart, moist rales, cough with sputum, which can "leak" into pulmonary edema.

Renal failure is a syndrome that is formed due to severe processes in the kidneys leading to impaired homeostasis. ARF causes a disorder of the osmotic, water, electrolyte, acid-base balance, because of this the natural composition of the blood changes.

Proteinuria - excretion of the protein needed by the body with urine, as a result of which a life-threatening condition develops - excessive thrombosis and stroke.

Causes of the disease

Disease due to developmental reasons can be primary and secondary. The first type is formed due to primary renal diseases, it is the primary form of nephritis that accounts for about 80% of all cases of morbidity.

Secondary nephritis develops as a secondary disease in a variety of pathological processes. Causes of jade can be:

Amyloid dystrophy, diabetes mellitus;
autoimmune diseases (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis);
infectious diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, flu, streptotrichosis, croupous pneumonia);
abnormal allergies;
thrombosis, multiple myeloma, angiitis;
exposure to certain medications;
neoplasms;
nephropathy during pregnancy;
intoxication with heavy metals or poisons;
urticarial rashes;
alcohol abuse;
diseases of the female reproductive system.

Diagnostics

To make a diagnosis, you should first see a therapist, pediatrician, nephrologist or urologist. The main diagnostic methods include taking an anamnesis, a general analysis of urine and blood, a biochemical blood test, a urinalysis according to Nechiporenko, and an ultrasound examination of the kidneys. Additional methods are radionuclide diagnostics and radiography.

Treatment

Treatment of acute jade should be carried out in a hospital with strict adherence to bed rest. A diet is prescribed: the first 2 days you can only 400 ml of water and 100 g of sugar. After that, a diet is used with a restriction of salt intake to 5 g per day and a decrease in fluid volume to 1.5 liters; moreover, animal proteins in the diet, i.e. meat, should be reduced. Also, various broths, salty and spicy foods should be excluded from the menu. Be sure to use non-fat varieties of boiled fish, vegetables, dairy products and fruits.

Be sure to eliminate all infectious and inflammatory foci (caries, chronic tonsillitis, etc.) that caused the development of nephritis.

Drug therapy usually consists in the use of drugs:

Antibacterial;
diuretic;
anti-allergic;
calcium, rutin, ascorbic acid;
heart;
immunosuppressants;
antihypertensive.

With a complex course of the disease, cytostatics and glucocorticosteroids are prescribed. In critical situations, hemosorption (blood purification) and plasmapheresis (removal of harmful substances from blood plasma) are indicated. Sometimes surgical intervention is necessary to eliminate the primary source of infection. With an irreversible form of renal failure, a kidney transplant, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis (artificial kidney) are used.

Therapy of heart failure is performed according to the basic rules (oral digitalis, intravenous infusions of strophanthin). With eclampsia, lumbar puncture, bloodletting, enemas with chloral hydrate, etc. are prescribed. Doctors recommend that patients with chronic nephritis live in a warm and dry climate. They also need a sanatorium rehabilitation complex. During an exacerbation of the disease, the treatment is the same as in the acute course.

Prevention

Mainly the prevention of acute nephritis consists in timely reorganization of the foci of infection, hardening of the body, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, strengthening immunity, avoiding mental and physical fatigue, regular physical exercises, and the absence of hypothermia.

Chronic tonsillitis should be treated, including surgery. The most effective prevention of the chronic form of the disease is the early treatment of acute nephritis. It is also very important to exclude all etiological factors that can cause the onset of the disease.

Alternative methods of treatment

The following recipes are considered the most common folk remedies that will help cleanse the kidneys, relieve inflammation, eliminate symptoms and increase the body's resistance, with jade:

Pour 1 tsp. flaxseed 200 ml of water, boil. Drink 100 ml 12 times a day for 2 days. Dilute the resulting solution with water and add a spoonful of lemon juice.
Dilute the liquid warm clay solution in the bath and hold alternately the limbs in it for 30 to 60 minutes. The room where the procedure is performed should be warm.
It is very useful to include pumpkin, quince and watermelon dishes.
Brew 1.tbsp bearberry herbs in 200 ml of boiling water. Drink an infusion before each meal for 1 tbsp.

A serious damage to the kidney tissue, nephritis manifests itself in the form of multiple edema of varying severity and sudden jumps in blood pressure. In this case, the occurrence of albuminuria or hematuria can also be observed.

What are the causes of this disease and what is the symptomatology of this pathological condition of the kidneys expressed in? Read all about the symptoms and treatment of jade below.

Representing an inflammatory disease, kidney nephritis is expressed in damage to the tissue of the pyelocaliceal system of this paired organ of the urinary system. In this case, the vessels of the kidneys, tubules and glomeruli can become inflamed.

The disease can occur independently (spontaneously), as well as become a consequence of a serious inflammatory disease of the body. The most frequently considered disease is diagnosed in women - men get kidney jade much less often.

In accordance with the indicators of the area of \u200b\u200bthe lesion and the location of the inflammatory process, nephritis can be divided into types and classified according to which part of the kidneys is affected.

Types of Jade

With inflammation of the kidney tissue, this process can occur in one or both kidneys at once, and depending on this, one- and two-sided nephritis are distinguished. According to statistics, the disease is often bilateral with simultaneous damage to both kidneys.

The acute form of the disease and its chronic form are also distinguished, which occurs when treatment of the acute form of nephritis is insufficient or when it is neglected.

The classification of the disease is based on the reason for its development. And in accordance with the reason that caused the inflammatory process in the tissues of the kidneys, nephritis is divided into the following varieties:

glomerulonephritis - tissue damage of the renal glomeruli is observed;
pyelonephritis - damage to the tissues of the parenchyma and calyx of the kidneys;
interstitial type of jade - interstitial tissue is damaged, as well as tubules;
radiation nephritis - occurs with prolonged ionizing radiation and manifests itself in the form of tubular dystrophy with their subsequent atrophy.
shunt nephritis - occurs during the formation of antibodies to glomeruli in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune disorders.
hereditary jade.

According to the morphological structure, jade is divided into primary and secondary. The latter type occurs against the background of the presence of other diseases (diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis). The primary forms include hereditary and inflammatory.

In order to attribute the current disease to a specific type, one should study how much the excretory function of the kidneys has decreased, what pathological processes occur in their tissues and the degree of their prevalence.

Causes of occurrence

The considered pathological condition of the kidneys is divided into the listed varieties of nephritis. This means that, depending on the manifestations, a diagnosis of the disease and the identification of the causes that caused the development of the disease can also be carried out.

Glomerulonephritis - causes

The appearance of this condition is based on autoimmune mechanisms that affect the tissue mainly of the renal glomeruli. It can occur in acute form with clear and unclear symptoms, as well as in a chronic form.

The cause of glomerulonephritis is a disease caused by hemolytic streptococcus. It can be a sore throat, scarlet fever, tonsillitis. At the same time, the body begins to produce antibodies that fight the causative agents of the disease and affect the vessels of the renal glomeruli.

The main clinical types of glomerulonephritis:

Progressive.
Chronic.

Secondary glomerulonephritis is observed with vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, bacterial endocarditis.

Often it appears after a person has suffered a sore throat.

Glomerulonephritis occurs under the influence of the following reasons:

The use of heavy metals (lead, mercury, alcohol).
Reception of organic solvents.
The formation of immune antibodies.
The development of allergic reactions.

In 15-20%, it is not possible to establish the etiological factor of the disease. In this situation, an idiopathic form of inflammation of the renal glomeruli and tubules is isolated.

Secondary etiological factors of the disease:

Cirrhosis of the liver

lymphogranulomatosis;
the use of anti-inflammatory drugs;
AIDS;
intravenous drug administration;
nephropathy;
cirrhosis of the liver;
tumors;
herpetiform dermatitis;
celiac disease;
tuberculosis;
seronegative arthritis;
hepatitis B infection;
systemic lupus erythematosus;
sickle cell anemia;
chronic leukemia;
schistosomiasis;
endocarditis.

Symptoms of glomerulonephritis:

Blood in urine (hematuria);
Oligoanuria;
Swelling of the legs;
High pressure;
Soreness in the lower back.

Pyelonephritis

This type of damage to the kidney tissue occurs when the infection penetrates the kidneys - fungal, bacterial or viral. The infection can penetrate either in an ascending way - through the ureters from the bladder, or in a descending way: with a blood stream. Pyelonephritis is most often diagnosed and causes damage to the tissue of the renal parenchyma, the pyelocal system.

The causative agents of this pathological condition can be the following types of microorganisms:

proteus
candida;
e. coli;
streptococci;
enterococci;
staphylococci.

There are also two options for the development of the disease: acute course and chronic. In acute pyelonephritis, the manifestations are most pronounced.

In 50-70% of patients with pyelonephritis, E. coli is detected during bacterial culture.

The penetration of bacteria into the kidneys is carried out ascending from other parts of the genitourinary tract or is carried with blood (hematogenous pathway).

Common symptoms of pyelonephritis:

frequent and painful urination;
headache;
soreness in the lower back;
fever;
white blood cells and red blood cells in the urine;
weakness and malaise.

And here is all about chronic pyelonephritis. Read carefully how to alleviate the course of the disease and achieve a long period of remission.

Interstitial jade

With the interstitial form of nephritis, a pathological inflammatory process develops in the interstitial, or interstitial organ tissue. The most common cause of this condition is poisoning the body with drugs, which include diuretics, antibiotics, NSAIDs. Sometimes the process is preceded by immune processes in the body, vaccination and the occurrence of a viral infection.

With an interstitial form of nephritis, the manifestations can vary and depend on the cause of this condition. This variety is considered the most dangerous for human health, since the disease is accompanied by a significant decrease in the excretory functions of the kidneys.

The main drugs leading to interstitial nephritis:

Sulfonamides.
Nonsteroidal drugs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, tolmetin).
Diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide).
Sulfinpyrazole.
Beta-lactam antibiotics.

In rare cases, the cause of the pathology is a viral infection, accompanied by blood in the urine, increased pressure and swelling.

The course of the disease is chronic. It has been developing over the years. Clinical symptoms of pathology arise with the development of tubulointerstitial inflammation and tubulointerstitial nephropathy.

Beam form

Radiation nephritis occurs with excessive exposure to the body.

This usually becomes necessary when carrying out appropriate treatment of cancer, when living in areas with high radiation.

Radiation nephritis causes severe damage to the tissues of the renal tubules, their atrophy and a gradual decrease in excretory functions.

The disease especially often becomes chronic and leads to chronic renal failure.

Since the varieties of pathology of the kidney tissue are quite diverse, during diagnosis, special attention should be paid to the area of \u200b\u200bdamage and the severity of processes, the process of development of inflammation and its effect on excretory functions.

Inherited form

Hereditary nephritis is observed in infants. It appears in children with a genetic predisposition, when a similar disease is observed in parents. The disease can be recognized by fairly serious symptoms.

The first symptoms of hereditary nephritis of the kidneys:

hematuria;
impaired renal function;
myopia;
leukocyturia;
hearing loss;
kidney failure.

Symptoms

Depending on the form, the disease has various manifestations. So, the acute form of any type of kidney damage will have vivid and very sensitive manifestations; the chronic form is characterized by the presence of periods of remissions and exacerbations. Depending on the type of jade, the degree of manifestation of a pathological deterioration of the patient's condition and the rate of development of the pathological process significantly differ.

For the acute form of the disease of any type of jade, the following manifestations will be characteristic:

dry mouth
pain in the lower back and tailbone;
constant thirst;
increase in body temperature;
general weakness and lethargy;
fatigue even with a slight load;
digestion disorder;
stomach ache;
the occurrence of edema;
visual impairment;
increase in blood pressure;
skin rashes;
frequent urination with low urine output;
urine acquires an uncharacteristic color and smell.

Since with increased thirst and frequent urination, some elements are quickly washed out of the body, such manifestations as tingling in the skin, numbness of some parts of the body, and muscle cramps can be observed.

Urine analysis also becomes an indicator of the onset of the inflammatory process in the kidneys: it reveals the presence of protein - proteinuria, as well as hematuria - an excessive number of red blood cells.

Any deviations from the normal state of the kidneys should be considered a reason for contacting a nephrologist and an early start of treatment, significantly increasing the percentage of a positive result for a patient in the treatment of an identified disease.

Diagnostic Methods

If there is a suspicion of an inflammatory process in the kidneys, the doctor prescribes tests and some laboratory methods to clarify the diagnosis.

Principles of laboratory diagnosis of jade:

biochemical analysis;
clinical blood test;
general urine analysis;
sediment morphology;
samples of Adis-Kakovsky, Amburge, Nichiporenko;
sowing urine on pathogenic flora;
antibioticogram;
determination of cystine, calcium, urate, lipids, peroxides in the urine;
creatinine clearance;
determination of daily diuresis;
the study of the number of urination.

Additional laboratory tests:

Determination of osmolarity of urine.
Test with ammonium.
Excretion of microglobulin with urine.
Zimnitsky test with dry eating.
Urine enzyme assay.

Clinical and instrumental studies with suspected nephritis:

determination of pressure level;
excretory urography;
functional research (cystometry, uroflowmetry, profilometry).

Additional methods:

Excretory urography with furosemide.
Doppler ultrasound.
Scintigraphy (radionuclide diagnostics).
Cystourethroscopy.
Echoencephalography.
Electroencephalography.
Nuclear magnetic resonance.
CT scan.

In the next article, read about how effective. The choice of drugs depending on the type of pathogen.

Did you know that improper and untimely treatment of acute pyelonephritis can lead to the need for surgical intervention? Read about how to prevent this.

Treatment

Consider how to treat kidney nephritis. If the onset of the inflammatory process in the kidney tissues is detected, treatment is prescribed by a nephrologist and there is no single treatment for all types of kidney damage.

To prescribe a treatment regimen, indicators such as the general condition of the patient, the degree of damage and the speed of the pathological process, as well as its prevalence, are taken into account.

For example, at the initial stage of acute glomerulonephritis, absolute rest, a horizontal position of the body and a strict diet up to a complete rejection of food, a significant limitation of the intake of protein foods are prescribed.

Usually, treatment of any form of kidney tissue damage is carried out in a hospital setting.

The drugs that are used in the treatment are:

diuretics;
vitamin preparations;
antibacterial agents;
anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive drugs;
preparations with a high content of calcium.

In the course of treatment, tests are periodically taken to establish the dynamics of therapeutic measures, and the patient's condition is also monitored.

In the absence of pronounced positive dynamics of treatment, blood can be cleansed of the decay products and slags accumulated in it, which allows the body to be more susceptible to the effects of the drugs used.

Alternative medicine methods can also be used in the treatment of all types of damage to kidney tissue, but their effect should be considered only as additional when using medications prescribed by a nephrologist. Herbal preparations should have a diuretic and anti-inflammatory effect - just then they will bring some relief in the treatment of kidney tissue lesions.

Drug therapy methods

Drug therapy for jade is carried out with the following drugs:

Antibiotic therapy with sulbactam, ampicillin, clavulanic acid and amoxicillin.
Cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefamandol, cefuroxime).
Aminoglycosides (amikacin).

For the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract, uroantiseptics have the advantage:

nitrofurans (furazidine);
co-trimoxazole;
pipemidic acid;
oxolinic and nalidixic acids.

The duration of antibiotic therapy for acute nephritis lasts 2-3 weeks. Then a course of herbal anti-inflammatory tinctures and decoctions is prescribed.

At the stage of prevention of inflammatory diseases in children, the appointment of immunostimulating agents is used:

Viferon.
Reaferon.

When immunomodulatory therapy is carried out:

with repeated forms of jade;
in young children;
with prolonged pyelonephritis;
in often sick children;
infection with multiresistant microorganisms (enterobacter, cytrobacter and Proteus).

Immunomodulatory treatment is carried out after the disease subsides and is never prescribed in the acute phase of the inflammatory process.

Viferon is administered rectally to children in the following dosages:

150 IU - for children under 7 years.
500 ME - after 7 years.

Reaferon injections in a dose of more than 2 million IU are administered intramuscularly 2 times a day. For immunocorrection, lysozyme must be administered orally at 5 mg per kilogram of weight.

In children over 14 years of age, the dosage of lycopid is increased to 10 mg daily for a duration of 7-10 days.

Of the modern methods for the treatment of nephritis, bacteriophages can be recommended.

They destroy pathogenic bacteria, but have a high cost, so they are not widespread in the Russian Federation. In Europe, these funds are popular.

Prevention

As preventive measures, the following methods can be recommended, which have significant effectiveness:

avoidance of hypothermia;
control of the level of immunity;
regular intake of vitamin preparations;
periodic cleansing of the body of toxins and decay products.

Jade Classification

Prevention

Jade Classification

Causes and Risk Factors

Pathogenesis: what happens with jade

Clinical manifestations of the disease

Modern diagnostic methods

Treatment principles

Lifestyle and Nutrition Correction

Drug therapy

Interstitial jade

Varieties and classification of the disease

Symptoms and signs

Complications

Causes of the disease

Diagnostics

Treatment

Prevention

Alternative methods of treatment

Types of Jade

Causes of occurrence

Glomerulonephritis - causes

Pyelonephritis

Interstitial jade

Beam form

Inherited form

Symptoms

Diagnostic Methods

Treatment

Drug therapy methods

Prevention

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