As you already know, in addition to major and minor, there were other modes (see “Medieval modes”). Some of these modes were and are still used today in the works of various peoples. Main frets used folk music we will look at in this article.

Seven-step modes are quite common in folk music. The sequence of intervals between degrees in these modes is different, which distinguishes them from natural major and minor, as well as from each other. Despite this, the basis of these modes is either a major mode or a minor scale, so the modes of folk music can be considered as varieties of the major or minor mode.

The seven-step modes of folk music include two types of major and two types of minor modes. Due to the coincidence of the scales of these modes with the scales of medieval modes, they were given the names of these medieval modes:

In addition to seven-step modes, five-step modes are also found in folk music. They're called the pentatonic scale, and you're already familiar with it. If you have forgotten, we recommend returning to the article

Why were cars even given nicknames? The simplest answer is cases when the model does not have its own “name”, instead there are only index numbers. Agree, reprimanding VAZ-21013 or GAZ-31105 every time is not very convenient. However, the reason is not always only the difficult to pronounce name of the car. Some “nicknames” were stuck to cars due to some character traits or features.

And we will start with AvtoVAZ, whose products received almost the most. The enterprise itself is popularly called TAZ, because according to the strict logic of Soviet designations it was supposed to become the Tolyatti Automobile Plant. But the cacophony of this abbreviation was immediately understood, and the plant became Volzhsky. But you can’t fool the people, and in accordance with the level of quality, the cars originally from Togliatti still became “basins”.

“Zhiguli” was called “Bricks” for its characteristic shape, “Buckets” (all for the same workmanship) and even “Terror”. Not everyone knows that they were also “Tin Can” (or simply “Tin Can”). This is exactly what the newly released VAZ-2101 was nicknamed for its thin metal compared to Volgas and Moskviches. And everyone famous name“Kopeyka” did not appear immediately, only at the end of the 20th century.

Nicknames for Volzhsky Automobile cars were most often formed from index numbers. Some were lucky and their folk names were not offensive. Drivers affectionately called the fifth model “Piglet” and “Petrik”, the seventh - “Semyon” and “Semaphore”. But the VAZ-2106 embraced folk creativity in full: “Shah”, “Shaitan”, “Jackal”, “Miner”... There is little pleasant in such epithets.

Immediately after entering the market, the 2108 and 2109 hatchbacks received the nickname “Chisel” for their characteristic front end. It also went to “Samaram” with an already redesigned appearance, including “Samaram-2”. Well, in general, the front-wheel drive vehicles of the VAZ were nicknamed “Rattles”: the plastic turned out to be too noisy compared to the background of the “Zhiguli”! But the VAZ-21099 sedan was sometimes awarded the “respectable” nickname “Suitcase”.

Our fellow citizens did not ignore the 2110. Derived from the digital designation “Chirik” and “Chervonets” used much less often apt epithets on the theme of sedan design: “Soap”, “Matryoshka” and “Pregnant antelope”... They were partially inherited by the 2111 station wagon, which nicknamed "Bar of Soap" and "Pregnant Cow".

But most of all, the residents of our country loved the city's little Oka, VAZ-1111. She got the most: “Perch”, “Cigarette Butt”, “Mad Stool”, “Birdhouse”, “Bag on Wheels”, “Shrimp”, “Death Capsule”, “Miscarriage of KAMAZ”, “Keychain from BELAZ”. And, by the way, the popular expression “20 minutes of shame and I’m at the dacha” originally referred to this Soviet hatchback.

When in the late 1990s a minivan on the Niva chassis was named “Nadezhda”, it was quickly dubbed “Beznadega”. There was a reason: the car looked creepy, and the workmanship matched its appearance. His other popular names are “Clothes” and “Konstantinovna” (an allusion to Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya).

The only thing that stands out against this background is the Niva. Russian motorists have developed sincere respect for it, because even after decades and a change of the official name, it was and remains only “Niva”.

If the cars that rolled off the assembly line of the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant received less folk creativity, it was only because of the smaller number of models. The history of the enterprise began with the assembly of the GAZ-69, so it is not surprising that the nickname “Goat”, or the affectionate “Goat”, migrated to the first independent model of the enterprise - UAZ-469. This is not a desire to offend, but just a statement of fact: both cars were not very smooth and were desperately “goofy”. The same name is given to their direct descendant, who is now officially called in a foreign language - UAZ Hunter. And how did the police version of the car fare! “Bobik”, “Korobok”, “Garbage truck”. Some also called the car in the Ukrainian manner: “Tsementovoz”.

No less legendary model plant - UAZ-452. For its rounded shape, the car was immediately nicknamed “Loaf” and “Bulka”, and the version for the “Ambulance” was called “Tablet” or “Nurse”. Truck with onboard platform aptly dubbed “Tadpole.” And now these “nicknames” are used almost in the official press, which is much more convenient than long and confusing digital indexes. And most importantly, it is immediately clear what we are talking about.

The flagship Patriot SUV was nicknamed "Patrick" and "Patrick".

Early AZLK models, 400 and 401, received the nickname “Hottabych”, the 412th was called “Barsik”, all “Muscovites” in general were called “Masquerades”, but the AZLK-2141 hatchback, which appeared in the 1980s, was mocked by wits glory. Most often he was “Cosmich” or “Azlyk”, which is similar to the official name. The export version of “Aleko” quickly transformed into “Kaleka”, the modification with a Renault engine became “Renogor” (by analogy with the official “Svyatogor”), and the extended version “Prince Vladimir” was instantly nicknamed “Long” and “Vovka-Carrot”.

There are many modes in music. Because of their diversity, the music is varied and expressive. In addition to the well-known major and minor with their varieties, there are so-called folk frets. They are called differently: church modes, ancient modes, folk music modes. They were studied back in the Middle Ages.

The names of these modes are taken from the theory of the ancient Greeks. What unites these modes is the alternation of major and minor seconds. In all modes discussed below, there are five major seconds and two minor seconds. If you play scales from each degree of C major (on the piano these will be all white keys), you will get a complete “set” of folk music scales.

The modes of folk music can be divided into two large groups according to their mode inclination.
First group: modes of a major inclination, having a high III degree. These include:
- Ionian (from “C” - coincides with natural major);
- Lydian (from “F” - in contrast to natural F major, high IV degree);
- Mixolydian (from “G” - in contrast to G major, low VII degree).
Second group: modes of minor inclination, having the third low degree. These include:
- Aeolian (from “A” - coincides with the natural minor);
- Dorian (from “D” - in contrast to D minor, high level VI);
- Phrygian (from “E” - in contrast to E minor, low II degree);
- Locrian (from “B” - in contrast to B minor, low degrees II and V).

The modes of folk music are diatonic (natural) modes. Their steps are natural, not chromatic (modified). Therefore, it is customary to say, for example, IV high level, not advanced. To understand these modes, we compare them with the well-known ones - natural major and natural minor, but these are not derivative modes, but independent ones.

To understand these modes we will make several constructions:
Lydian mode: Dorian mode:
from “Salt” - sol la si do# re mi fa# sol from “Mi” - mi fa# sol la si do# re mi
from “F” - fa sol la si to re mi fa from “Re” - re mi fa sol la si to re
Mixolydian mode: Phrygian mode:
from “Sol” - sol la si do # re mi fa sol from “Mi” - mi fa sol la si do re mi
from “Fa” - fa sol la sib to re mib fa from “Re” - re mib fa sol a sib to re

To remember these modes, use these tips:
In the modes of folk music, unstable steps change - II IV VI VII.
In major modes, degrees IV and VII change. These are the sounds that make a tritone.
In minor modes, degrees II and VI change. These are the sounds that make a tritone.

Another hint:
Fill in two parallel keys without F# - G major and E minor. This pair is the Mixolydian and Phrygian modes.
Remember two parallel keys without B - F major and D minor. This pair is the Lydian and Dorian modes.

All cars have their own serial numbers, almost all without exception. But not everyone has official names. True, it often happens that these names do not take root and popular nicknames come into play. This applies not only to foreign cars, but also to domestic ones.

The appearance of a nickname for one or another car model is common; most often this happens precisely due to the lack of a name as such. But the opposite cases are not uncommon.

And it would be a mistake to believe that nicknames are given only Soviet models, although USSR car companies often had problems with naming - cars were produced exclusively with a series and index number.

So, for example, in Germany the BMW Isetta was called the “coffin-mobile”. In general, this little girl had a lot of popular names. Its Soviet analogue is motorized stroller SMZ SZA will forever be remembered as “Morgunovka” (from “The Adventures of Shurik”), and her follower SMZ SZD is “Invalidka”.

And judging by these cars, we can really conclude that the models get nicknames that are very characteristic or even funny. And in the USSR there were enough such machines:

AZLK AND IZH

Moskvich cars were produced at two plants - AZLK (formerly MZMA) and IZHMASH. Many nicknames are given to cars according to their consonance with the name of the brand or model, and “Moskvich” is a prime example of this: the so-called “paznie” (i.e. “late” recent years issue) “Muscovites” were called “masquerade”, “mekan” and even “mustang” - although here it must be noted that the modern term “pazny” itself is more used in relation to “Izhams”.

The previous, very first Moskvich, -400 and -401, bore the popular name “Hottabych”, and the Moskvich-412 sedan launched many years later was sometimes called “Barsik”. But the imagination of motorists really took off just at the end of the “Muscovite” era - the AZLK-2141 hatchback and its various incarnations were simply a treasure trove for amateur naming.

The basic model, the AZLK 2141 Svyatogor itself, was awarded the titles “Cosmich” (in consonance with “Muscovite”) and “Azylk”. Export version with the official name Aleko - “Cripple” and “Banderlog”. In addition to the VAZ-2106 engine, Svyatogor was equipped with a 2-liter Renault engine, and this modification was called “Renogor”. And the extended version of AZLK 2141 Prince Vladimir was called “Long” and “Vovka-Carrot”. Come on, it seems like the model has an official name, but nicknames still stick to her... All because they are much more accurate.

The Izhevsk history of “Moskvich” is a little simpler, but also deserves attention. In Izhevsk, commercial versions of the 408s and 412s were assembled, and it was here that a “pool” of popular names of this direction was formed: IZH-2715 - called by the now commonly used nicknames “Heel” and “Pirozhok”, but also by the less common “Cheburashka”, “Margarine” and, again, “Masquerade”, as well as the very mysterious “Box on the Five”. An independent model, not relying on AZLK products, IZH Orbit, released in 1990, was popularly nicknamed new way- “Orbit”. By the way, the name Orbit did not catch on because the official name Orbit was registered by the Italian ItalDesign, and the hatchback from Udmurtia eventually became Oda.

GAS

Sometimes you can hear that Volgas and Gazelles are often called simply “Deer” - due to the fact that this animal adorns the GAZ emblem - but nicknames for GAZ cars began to appear long before the appearance of this very deer. The first and most famous nickname is for the GAZ-AA truck, “Lorry”, because its carrying capacity was one and a half tons. Then, much later, there was the GAZ-69 jeep, which, due to the army’s extremely stiff suspension, became the “Kozlik”, and the GAZ-66 all-terrain truck, nicknamed “Shishiga”, which essentially means the same as “kikimora”, however in this case there was a simple consonance with “sixty-six”.

Story passenger cars GAZ also abounded in nicknames. Thus, the seemingly extremely appropriate official name GAZ-20 Pobeda eventually supplemented the popular “Turtle”. The first Volga, GAZ-21, was also called not only by name, but also by its nickname - “Tank in a tailcoat.”

GAZ-24, the legendary second Volga, went down in history as the “Barge” and “Scow”, because it was soft on the move, seemed to float along the highway, but heeled in turns. Well, its later incarnation, the VAZ-3110, received the even less flattering nickname “Pull-Push”.

VAZ, LADA

Volzhsky products automobile plant People’s creators got it, perhaps, the most - here, of course, TAZ (Tolyatti Automobile), and “Vedroid” with “Vedrover”, and “Brick”, and even “Terror” in relation to Zhiguli. These are all more or less general names for “vases”, but if you look at them in detail... It all started with the VAZ-2101, which in Moscow was immediately nicknamed “Tin Can” - for its thinner metal body compared to Muscovites and Volgas. At home, in Tolyatti, where the VAZ-2101 was produced and modernized, it was called “Edinichka” or “Odnerka”.

But the now well-known nickname “Kopeyka” appeared only at the very end of the 20th century, as did its derivatives: “Spear” and “Kopendos”. It is also known that truckers call this car “Chaplain” - here, too, there is a consonance with “Kopeyka”, but actually it is... a priest in the army.

It is clear that VAZ cars are characterized by nicknames derived from numerals (according to the serial number of the model), but in addition to the simple “deuce”, “treshka” (“troika”) and others, there are more interesting variations on the same “numeral” theme. VAZ-2106, for example, in addition to the “Six”, has the nicknames “Shaha”, “Miner”, “Jackal”, “Shamok” and “Shaitan”. VAZ-2105 - “Piglet” and “Petrik”. And VAZ-2107 - “Semyon” and “Semaphore”.

According to the same scheme, with a pedigree from numerals, the nicknames VAZ-2114 (“Four”) and VAZ-2115 (“Fifteen” and “One and a half”) were formed, but in general the main nickname of the Samara and Samara-2 families is still “Chisel” ": for the characteristic body shape, the VAZ-2108 and VAZ-2109 were nicknamed this way immediately after they entered the market. All the first VAZ front-wheel drive vehicles also received the not-so-unflattering nickname “Rattle”, but the VAZ-21099 sedan acquired its own – “Suitcase” and “Duplet”.

But the record holder for the number of nicknames among VAZ models is, of course, the VAZ-1111 Oka: “Cigarette Butt”, “Perch”, “Mad Stool”, “Death Capsule” (remember the Izetta “coffin-mobile”?), “Shrimp” , “Box”, “Birdhouse”, “Miscarriage”, “Bag on Wheels”, “Cabin from KAMAZ”, “Keychain from BELAZ”, as well as the legendary “20 minutes of shame - and in the country”. Here it is, people's love!

The VAZ-2110 was almost equally loved by the people: in addition to the neutral “Chirik”, “Chervonets” and “Matryoshka”, “Pregnant Antelope” and “Remnant” were in circulation. These nicknames, with some modifications, were inherited by the VAZ-2111 station wagon - it was called “Pregnant Cow”, “Bar of Soap” and “Slippery Brick”. Against this background, the nickname of the VAZ-2112 - “Cucumber” - looks almost like the official name of the model.

In the case of the VAZ-2120 minivan, VAZ decided to stop the vicious practice of naming cars exclusively by numbers and gave the model its own name - “Nadezhda”. In those years, AVTOVAZ painfully survived in primitive capitalism, so the name was appropriate. But that was not the case, among the people it was transformed into “Clothes”, “Hopelessness” and “Konstantinovna” - and here double headlights, as if reminiscent of N.K.’s glasses, turned out to suit the suit. Krupskaya.

In general, with the return of the practice of official naming of Volzhsky Automobile Plant models, unofficial naming has not gone away. For example, Kalina is called, “Gooseberry”, “Hamster”, “Horse meat” and excuse me, “Fecalina”, and the name of the hat check Lada Xray on the Internet instantly transformed into the much more phonetically Russian “Khrey”. Against this background, Niva looks interesting - it remains just “Niva”, and nothing more, even many years after it stopped officially being called that.

If everything is in the past Opel models received names in honor of military ranks, then the names modern models end with "-a": Astra, Corsa, Meriva, Zafira.

In addition, the name for the car can be any noun or adjective. Moreover, this really existing word should be “ideologically close” to the car, and not just beautiful. For example, the name of the Ford model Fiesta (Spanish for “fun, joy”) hints at the joy that a driver can experience while driving a car. The names of Smart brand models - Fortwo and Forfour - are of a practical nature. They indicate how many people the model is designed for - “For two” and “For four”.

Coming up with a name for the Impreza Subaru company played on the consonance of the word Impreza with the English impressed (“impressed”). According to the developers, this word can describe the driver who first got behind the wheel of a Subaru car. And Opel Agila (the city runabout was sold under this name) is a slightly paraphrased English word"agile" - "nimble, nimble."

"Leninets" vs. "Katyusha"

In the USSR, during the development of the first car of the Volzhsky Automobile Plant, VAZ 2101, they hardly knew about the existing “naming” technologies. Then the decisive factor for choosing names was purely ideological. Despite this, the “kopek” managed to avoid a politicized name. Moreover, the people were tasked with coming up with its name.

In August 1968, the press announced a competition for the “popular name” of the new Soviet car. As a result, about 30 thousand letters with proposals were sent to the Volzhsky Automobile Plant, from which about a hundred “successful” ones were selected. Among them were “Leninets”, “Volzhanka”, “Katyusha”, “Aurora”, “VIL” (short for Vladimir Ilyich Lenin). However, the winner was the word "Zhiguli".

"Zhiguli" in Samara region are the mountains on the right bank of the Volga, not far from which Togliatti is located - the birthplace of the modern AvtoVAZ. Most researchers believe that the toponym “Zhiguli” comes from the Turkic “dzhiugli” - “harnessed, horse-drawn”. The mountains got their name because of the barge haulers who lived in the area. But hardly leadership Soviet Union went into detail about the origin of the word “Zhiguli” when making her choice - apparently, it simply seemed to them to be quite euphonious.

However, residents of most European countries would hardly agree with this, where the word “Zhiguli” was consonant with the somewhat offensive word “gigolo”. Therefore, in order to export cars to Europe, VAZ urgently needed to come up with a more “decent” name. This is how Lada appeared.

Modern employees of AvtoVAZ... do not remember the history of the appearance of this name. One of possible options: the name “Lada” comes from the consonant word “ladya” - this image has been used on car nameplates of the Volga Automobile Plant since 1970. In any case, the name Lada turned out to be so successful that later not only export models, but also all other cars of the Volzhsky Automobile Plant began to be called that.

In addition to the official name "Zhiguli", the VAZ-2101 model also had a popular name - "Kopeyka".

Next after the Zhiguli (the last representative of this family was the VAZ-2107 “seven”) was the Sputnik line of models. The first car produced in 1984 under this name was the VAZ-2108. The name of the car was supposed to remind both the residents of the Soviet Union and foreign countries that the USSR was the main space power. However, it turned out that the word "satellite" was not very well known abroad. In addition, it turned out to be difficult to pronounce for foreigners.

As a result, for export the name was changed to another “euphonious” geographical name - “Samara”. Some say that this word was chosen in honor of the river of the same name flowing in the region, while others recall that the city of Kuibyshev, the administrative center of the region in which AvtoVAZ is located, was and is now called this way until 1935.

Another topographical name was given to the VAZ 1111 subcompact car - “Oka”. The name was not invented at the Volzhsky Automobile Plant itself, but at its subsidiary, the Serpukhov Automobile Plant (SeAZ), where this car was produced. Thus, SeAZ tried to draw a parallel: AvtoVAZ is the Volga, and SeAZ is its tributary, the Oka. Such an association, however, has already been forgotten, but the “river” name remains popular even after the end of production of the small car.

While developing a name for the first SUV, the plant management faced a problem: they wanted to call the car, which was intended primarily for agricultural workers living in difficult areas, “Niva”. However, a combine harvester produced in Rostov-on-Don at Rosselmash already had such a name. However, the management of the Rostov plant did not object to AvtoVAZ using the name Niva. By the way, both the car (although the Niva brand now belongs to the GM concern) and the combine are still produced.

According to science

Currently, AvtoVAZ chooses names for new models in the same way as other modern manufacturers - “according to science.” As we were told by the AvtoVAZ press service, this is how the names Kalina and Priora were born. Both were selected from a list of 10-15 other names based on consumer testing. However, the final decision was made by the plant management.

The origin of the name Kalina has already become the subject of legends, one of which was invented by the plant workers themselves. According to it, the car got its name thanks to the red color in which the prototype of the model was presented. Although, in fact, it was lilac.